Photo: Christine Matthews · CC BY-SA 2.0Across Liverpool, life expectancy spans 15 years from one area to another
Inside the city, men’s life expectancy runs from 69.6 in Fairfield West & Newsham Park to 84.4 in Calderstones, 3 miles apart. Life expectancy is 75.7 for men and 79.6 for women. England as a whole stood at 79.1 and 83.0 over 2019 to 2023. Liverpool grades D− for health: life expectancy, healthy life expectancy, early deaths, hospital admissions, child obesity and Census health, each adjusted for age; #21 of 25 in Merseyside.
What stands out about health in Liverpool
A 15-year gap from one part of Liverpool to another
Men in Calderstones can expect to live to 84.4, longer than the English average of 79.1. In Fairfield West & Newsham Park, 3 miles away, the figure is 69.6, and Fairfield West & Newsham Park records 254 deaths under 75 for every 100 expected for its ages. For women the range is 75.0 in Walton South to 87.3 in Mossley Hill East. Neighbourhoods ↓
A&E waits run longer than England’s
Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, which runs the A&E at New Royal Liverpool University, saw 51% of major-A&E patients within four hours in the 12 months to September 2026, against 61% across England: 100th of 117 trusts. 23% of patients admitted through its A&Es waited more than 12 hours from the decision to admit, against 13% in England. A&E ↓
More of Liverpool’s children are obese
27% of Year 6 children (aged 10 to 11) were measured as obese over the last three school years, against 22.3% across England; more than in 93% of UK towns. Health Grade ↓
Written from the OHID, NHS England and GP Patient Survey figures on this page. Life expectancy covers 2019 to 2023; neighbourhoods are ONS middle-layer areas of about 8,000 people.
Liverpool grades D− for health
Healthier than 4% of UK towns, on age-adjusted measures.
Behind the typical UK town on every measure. Even its strongest, disability and child obesity, are in the bottom 15% of UK towns; emergency admissions and preventable deaths are furthest behind.
Each measure is ranked against every UK town of 1,000 or more, the ranks are averaged, and the average is ranked again. Every measure allows for the town’s ages: life expectancy is worked out from the death rate at each age, so it doesn’t depend on how old the town’s residents are; deaths and admissions are counted against what England’s rates would give a town with these ages, and the Census answers against England and Wales’s rates by single year of age, so a seaside town of retired people isn’t marked down for being old.
Men’s life expectancy across Liverpool runs from 69.6 to 84.4
Life expectancy at birth, 2019–23, in Liverpool’s 60 middle-layer neighbourhoods (about 8,000 people each). Circles are sized by residents and show men’s life expectancy.
The gap follows deprivation closely: Toxteth Park, where 72% of residents are income-deprived, has men’s life expectancy of 73.6. Fairfield West & Newsham Park has the most deaths under 75 for its ages (254 per 100 expected), against 63 in Calderstones.
Show every measure as a table
| Neighbourhood | Men | Women | Deaths under 75 | Emergency admissions | Year 6 obese | Income-deprived |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calderstones | 84.4 | 87.2 | 63 | 78 | 12% | 4.3% |
| Mossley Hill East | 83.4 | 87.3 | 53 | 84 | 14% | 11% |
| Gateacre | 82.8 | 84.7 | 78 | 91 | 16% | 9.6% |
| Childwall West & Wavertree Green | 82.7 | 85.1 | 56 | 88 | 8% | 6.8% |
| Broad Green | 82.3 | 84.8 | 84 | 98 | 24% | 13% |
| Childwall East | 81.9 | 85.1 | 68 | 95 | 14% | 11% |
| West Allerton | 81.6 | 84.9 | 68 | 90 | 14% | 8.8% |
| Hunts Cross | 80.4 | 83.4 | 102 | 105 | 20% | 15% |
| Sandfield Park & Holly Lodge | 79.6 | 83.5 | 97 | 119 | 21% | 15% |
| Croxteth East | 79.2 | 81.8 | 90 | 123 | 20% | 19% |
| Muirhead Avenue | 79.2 | 81.3 | 110 | 152 | 26% | 32% |
| Aigburth & Grassendale | 79.2 | 82.7 | 101 | 100 | 15% | 12% |
| Allerton | 78.8 | 79.7 | 134 | 121 | 26% | 25% |
| Halewood Central | 78.6 | 83.3 | 113 | 114 | 30% | 14% |
| Wavertree Penny Lane | 78.3 | 80.4 | 105 | 100 | 19% | 15% |
| St Michael's & Otterspool | 77.9 | 82.4 | 103 | 103 | 19% | 20% |
| Halewood North | 77.3 | 81.6 | 107 | 148 | 23% | 28% |
| Woolton | 77.3 | 81.9 | 119 | 121 | 21% | 23% |
| Orrell Park | 76.8 | 82.6 | 110 | 178 | 33% | 23% |
| Fairfield East | 76.4 | 79.3 | 147 | 146 | 30% | 40% |
| Netherley | 76.4 | 77.5 | 138 | 162 | 35% | 48% |
| Wavertree East | 76.3 | 80.2 | 138 | 134 | 31% | 35% |
| Halewood South | 76.2 | 77.4 | 174 | 165 | 33% | 40% |
| Fazakerley North | 75.9 | 80.4 | 150 | 193 | 32% | 34% |
| Walton East | 75.8 | 82.0 | 150 | 174 | 33% | 43% |
| Walton Vale | 75.7 | 78.8 | 142 | 177 | 27% | 30% |
| Fazakerley South | 75.7 | 78.0 | 167 | 202 | 36% | 47% |
| Speke West & Airport | 75.6 | 77.4 | 162 | 152 | 29% | 40% |
| Anfield North | 75.3 | 80.7 | 130 | 148 | 29% | 44% |
| Tuebrook | 75.2 | 79.1 | 148 | 158 | 29% | 41% |
| Walton Hall | 75.0 | 78.7 | 154 | 167 | 38% | 47% |
| Dingle | 74.9 | 79.6 | 154 | 126 | 24% | 31% |
| Wavertree South | 74.8 | 77.6 | 146 | 92 | 29% | 25% |
| Garston | 74.8 | 79.2 | 144 | 121 | 24% | 36% |
| Norris Green West | 74.7 | 79.4 | 155 | 178 | 30% | 50% |
| Wavertree West | 74.6 | 78.4 | 154 | 133 | 34% | 49% |
| Norris Green East | 74.4 | 78.5 | 161 | 179 | 32% | 46% |
| Belle Vale | 74.3 | 78.1 | 168 | 167 | 30% | 46% |
| Stoneycroft | 74.2 | 81.2 | 142 | 143 | 28% | 36% |
| Everton West | 74.2 | 77.7 | 192 | 175 | 25% | 51% |
| Dovecot | 74.0 | 79.0 | 169 | 157 | 28% | 30% |
| Mossley Hill West & Sefton Park | 73.9 | 79.8 | 149 | 113 | 17% | 20% |
| Princes Park | 73.8 | 77.0 | 187 | 148 | 19% | 44% |
| Albert Dock & Queen's Dock | 73.8 | 79.7 | 107 | 100 | 26% | 20% |
| Toxteth Park | 73.6 | 80.7 | 157 | 147 | 30% | 72% |
| Speke East | 73.5 | 76.8 | 188 | 159 | 32% | 57% |
| Knotty Ash | 73.5 | 75.9 | 174 | 185 | 34% | 44% |
| Toxteth | 73.2 | 77.7 | 189 | 157 | 30% | 54% |
| Yewtree | 72.6 | 78.5 | 185 | 178 | 30% | 52% |
| Anfield East | 72.6 | 75.5 | 202 | 169 | 31% | 50% |
| Croxteth West & Gillmoss | 72.5 | 75.3 | 207 | 212 | 32% | 47% |
| Edge Hill | 72.5 | 76.4 | 180 | 97 | 26% | 24% |
| Kensington | 72.4 | 78.2 | 176 | 149 | 28% | 46% |
| Kirkdale South & Vauxhall | 72.1 | 75.8 | 220 | 182 | 33% | 52% |
| Walton North | 72.0 | 80.1 | 195 | 176 | 34% | 50% |
| Anfield West | 70.8 | 77.3 | 214 | 193 | 29% | 48% |
| Walton South | 70.3 | 75.0 | 223 | 171 | 28% | 52% |
| Chinatown, St James & Georgian Quarter | 70.2 | 79.7 | 198 | 125 | 38% | 32% |
| Everton East | 69.7 | 76.6 | 241 | 194 | 29% | 63% |
| Fairfield West & Newsham Park | 69.6 | 76.2 | 254 | 177 | 30% | 54% |
Deaths and admissions per 100 expected for each area’s ages (England = 100). Each figure has a range: Fairfield West & Newsham Park’s men’s life expectancy is 69.6 with a 95% range of 67.6 to 71.6. Neighbourhoods are ONS middle-layer areas at least 30% inside Liverpool; names are the House of Commons Library’s.
Liverpool University Hospitals saw 51% of major-A&E patients within four hours
Type 1 (major) A&E attendances seen, admitted or discharged within four hours of arrival, by month. NHS England publishes it by trust, not hospital: Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust runs the A&E at New Royal Liverpool University, the nearest to Liverpool (1.8 mi).
The share seen within four hours has held near 51% over 18 months. Long waits for a bed are commoner than at 80% of trusts: 13,946 patients in 12 months, 23% of emergency admissions through A&E. CQC’s latest ratings for New Royal Liverpool University: urgent and emergency services good (2025).
North West trusts
Hospitals within 25 miles
| Distance | Hospital | CQC overall | Urgent & emergency |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.9 mi | Broadgreen Hospital Liverpool · Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust | Not rated | — |
| 0.9 mi | Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital Liverpool · Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital NHS Foundation Trust | Outstanding2019 | — |
| 1.3 mi | Alder Hey Children's Hospital Liverpool · Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust | Good2020 | — |
| 1.8 mi | Liverpool Women's Hospital Liverpool · Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust | Good2025 | — |
| 1.8 mi | New Royal Liverpool University A&E Liverpool · Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust | Not rated | Good2025 |
| 1.9 mi | Liverpool University Dental Hospital Liverpool · Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust | Outstanding2019 | — |
| 4.1 mi | University Hospital Aintree A&E Liverpool · Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust | Requires improvement2025 | Good2025 |
| 4.2 mi | Wirral University Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Wallasey · Wirral University Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust | Good2023 | — |
NHS acute hospitals registered with the Care Quality Commission (care directory, 01 October 2026). “A&E” marks a major (type 1) emergency department, open 24 hours and led by consultants, in NHS England’s Emergency Care Data Set; a hospital without the mark may still have a minor injury unit or urgent treatment centre. Ratings run Outstanding, Good, Requires improvement, Inadequate; the year is when each was published. Distances are straight lines from the town centre.
Men’s life expectancy in Liverpool is 0.8 years below what its level of deprivation predicts
Across 1,996 English towns of 2,500 or more, men’s life expectancy tracks income deprivation closely (correlation −0.81). Each dot is a town.
34% of Liverpool’s residents are income-deprived, more than in most English towns. For that level, the line predicts 76.5 years for men; Liverpool’s is 75.7. For women it predicts 80.8, and Liverpool’s 79.6 is 1.2 years below.
Income deprivation: share of residents in low-income households, English Indices of Deprivation 2025, averaged over each town’s neighbourhoods. A town above or below the line isn’t necessarily doing better or worse on care: students, prisons and hostels inside a boundary all shift the figures.
Care in and near Liverpool
The nearest A&E, the practice patients rate highest, and where to go when it’s urgent but not an emergency. In an emergency, call 999.
77% of patients rate Liverpool’s 89 GP practices good
GP Patient Survey 2026 (NHS England, run by Ipsos), about 100 patients a practice, against 77% across England. 8th of 26 English towns of 284,000 to 855,000, from the highest.
| Practice | Overall experience | Easy by phone | Wait about right | CQC |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calvary Health Centre L14 7PH · 2,983 adult patients | 96% good · range 93%–98% | 86% | 89% | Not rated |
| Moss Way Surgery L11 0BL · 1,937 adult patients | 95% good · range 93%–96% | 94% | 94% | Good2023 |
| Dr Onn Syed L9 6AP · 2,573 adult patients | 93% good · range 90%–95% | 77% | 84% | Good2026 |
| The Health Centre Surgery L26 9UH · 3,880 adult patients | 93% good · range 89%–96% | 78% | 58% | Good2020 |
| Dr J Pramanik & Dr J T Pramanik Practice L12 5LT · 3,450 adult patients | 93% good · range 90%–95% | 71% | 84% | Good2021 |
| Dovecot Health Centre L14 0NL · 3,340 adult patients | 93% good · range 88%–95% | 75% | 90% | Good2016 |
| Princes Park Health Centre L8 0SY · 8,514 adult patients | 92% good · range 76%–98% | 60% | 81% | Good2017 |
| Walton Village R L4 6TW · 2,693 adult patients | 92% good · range 88%–94% | 81% | 78% | Good2017 |
| Poulter Road Medical Centre L9 0HJ · 2,039 adult patients | 91% good · range 89%–93% | 90% | 86% | Good2023 |
| Dr J O'Donnell's Practice L25 1RY · 6,950 adult patients | 91% good · range 82%–96% | 61% | 91% | Good2016 |
| The Village Medical Centre L25 6HE · 3,091 adult patients | 91% good · range 87%–93% | 89% | 83% | Good2026 |
| Penny Lane Surgery L15 9EH · 5,347 adult patients | 90% good · range 84%–94% | 81% | 97% | Good2026 |
| Derby Lane Medical Centre L13 3DN · 3,465 adult patients | 89% good · range 84%–93% | 85% | 81% | Good2016 |
| Gillmoss Medical Centre L11 0AG · 1,915 adult patients | 89% good · range 87%–91% | 73% | 84% | Requires improvement2023 |
| Albion Surgery L6 2EH · 3,944 adult patients | 89% good · range 81%–94% | 75% | 74% | Good2018 |
| Dr S C & A K Thakur Speke Neighbourhood Health Centre L24 2SF · 4,263 adult patients | 88% good · range 80%–93% | 69% | 90% | Good2016 |
| Kensington Health Centre L7 2PT · 7,478 adult patients | 88% good · range 78%–94% | 64% | 77% | Good2023 |
| Rock Court Surgery L13 2GA · 4,514 adult patients | 88% good · range 80%–92% | 51% | 77% | Good2016 |
| Islington House Medical Centre L6 2EH · 4,908 adult patients | 87% good · range 79%–93% | 70% | 83% | Good2024 |
| Green Lane Medical Centre L13 7DY · 8,144 adult patients | 87% good · range 77%–93% | 59% | 80% | Good2019 |
| Dr R N Barnett and Partners L18 1HG · 5,228 adult patients | 87% good · range 77%–92% | 73% | 94% | Good2018 |
| Sefton Park Medical Centre L15 2LQ · 8,394 adult patients | 86% good · range 68%–95% | 71% | 80% | Good2017 |
| The Ash Surgery L17 0BY · 5,548 adult patients | 86% good · range 78%–91% | 64% | 93% | Good2026 |
| Beacon Health Mossley Hill L18 2DU · 1,631 adult patients | 86% good · range 83%–88% | 81% | 85% | Good2021 |
| Grassendale Medical Practice L19 9BP · 7,010 adult patients | 86% good · range 73%–93% | 70% | 84% | Good2017 |
| Hillfoot Health L25 0ND · 6,461 adult patients | 85% good · range 74%–92% | 65% | 70% | Good2023 |
| Fir Tree Medical Centre L12 0JE · 3,340 adult patients | 85% good · range 81%–88% | 57% | 84% | Good2025 |
| Mather Avenue Surgery L19 4UG · 7,029 adult patients | 85% good · range 72%–93% | 70% | 68% | Good2023 |
| Pilch Lane Surgery L14 0JE · 4,263 adult patients | 85% good · range 78%–89% | 68% | 77% | Good2026 |
| The Village Surgery L19 2LW · 4,963 adult patients | 84% good · range 76%–90% | 58% | 79% | Good2026 |
The 30 highest-rated of 89 practices shown.
Calvary Health Centre has the city’s highest rating (96%). Brownlow Group Practice is by far the largest, with 55,339 adult patients. You can register with any practice whose area covers your address.
GP Patient Survey 2026: surveys sent January to March 2026; results weighted by NHS England. The range is the 95% confidence interval. Adult patients: the survey’s practice population aged 16 and over. A practice counts as in Liverpool when its main surgery is inside the built-up area; branch surgeries are part of their main practice. CQC ratings © Care Quality Commission.
81% of adults in the Cheshire and Merseyside area who tried got an NHS dental appointment
Adults who tried to get an NHS dental appointment for themselves in the last two years, and got one. GP Patient Survey 2026, by integrated care system (the NHS area that plans dentistry for Liverpool).
Across England 82% of those who tried got an appointment. Of Cheshire and Merseyside patients who did, 74% rated the experience good (England 74%). NHS practices taking new patients are listed on the NHS website’s Find a dentist; for urgent dental pain, call NHS 111.
The survey asks GP patients about dentistry, so results are published for health areas, not towns or practices.
79% of residents say their health is good or very good
Census 2021, all residents, as answered (not adjusted for age).
Adjusted for age, 167 report bad health for every 100 expected, more than the national rate.
Show as a table
| Census 2021 | Liverpool | Merseyside | England |
|---|---|---|---|
| Good or very good health | 79% | 78% | 82% |
| Fair health | 13% | 14% | 13% |
| Bad or very bad health | 7.9% | 7.7% | 5.2% |
| Disabled under the Equality Act | 22% | 22% | 17% |
| Day-to-day activities limited a lot | 11% | 11% | 7.4% |
Merseyside and England: all residents of their built-up areas (towns and cities), from the same Census 2021 output areas.
How Liverpool compares with UK towns of 355,000 to 684,000
Ordered by Health Grade: the top three, the towns either side of Liverpool, and others in Merseyside. Life expectancy for men / women; deaths under 75 per 100 expected.
| # | Town | People | Life expectancy | Deaths under 75 | Health |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Barnet London | 388,572 | 81.4 / 85.4 | 77 | B |
| 2 | Ealing London | 367,271 | 79.4 / 84.4 | 93 | C+ |
| 3 | Croydon London | 389,242 | 78.8 / 83.7 | 102 | C |
| … | |||||
| 8 | Leicester Leicestershire | 406,612 | 76.8 / 81.2 | 127 | C− |
| 9 | Manchester Greater Manchester | 470,395 | 75.0 / 79.7 | 149 | D |
| 10 | Liverpool Merseyside | 506,564 | 75.7 / 79.6 | 148 | D− |
| 11 | Glasgow Glasgow City | 617,904 | 74.0 / 78.7 | — | D− |
Health letters rank against every UK town of 1,000 or more; the order here is context only. Welsh towns are graded on life expectancy, healthy life expectancy and the two Census measures: OHID’s early-death, admissions and child-obesity figures cover England.
Health in the places around Liverpool
Life expectancy for men / women, and the nearest A&E. Tap a town for its health page.
| Town | People | Life expectancy | Nearest A&E | Health |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liverpool | 506,564 | 75.7 / 79.6 | 1.8 mi | D− |
| Huyton with Roby | 59,844 | 76.3 / 79.8 | 2.7 mi | D− |
| Knowsley | 2,345 | 74.9 / 77.8 | 3.4 mi | D− |
| Bootle | 53,722 | 74.2 / 78.3 | 2 mi | D− |
| Aintree | 6,212 | 81.0 / 85.1 | 1.3 mi | C+ |
| Prescot | 39,227 | 77.9 / 81.2 | 0.2 mi | D |
| Kirkby | 45,559 | 75.3 / 78.3 | 2.2 mi | D− |
| Litherland | 18,752 | 75.7 / 79.4 | 2.8 mi | D− |
Aintree, 5.3 miles away, has men’s life expectancy of 81.0, 5.3 years longer than Liverpool’s.
What this data can and can’t tell you
- A&E figures are for the trust. NHS England publishes four-hour waits by trust, not hospital, so Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust’s figures cover every major A&E it runs. They count type 1 (major) departments; minor injury units and urgent treatment centres are left out, which is why they sit below the all-types figure NHS England headlines (75% for England).
- The GP survey is a survey. About 100 patients answer for each practice, so a practice’s figure has a range (shown in the table); small differences between practices aren’t meaningful. The town figure weights each practice by its adult patients, some of whom live outside Liverpool.
- Adjusted for age. A ratio of 100 means as many deaths, admissions or reports of bad health as England’s rates (England and Wales’s for the Census) would give a town with these ages; 120 means a fifth more.
- Small areas, summed to the town. OHID publishes these figures for middle-layer areas of about 8,000 people; the town’s figure averages the areas it covers, weighted by how many of their residents live in it, so a village shares its area’s figure with the countryside around it.
- Different years. Life expectancy and deaths cover 2019 to 2023; emergency admissions 2016/17 to 2020/21 (the latest OHID publishes for small areas, including the pandemic dip); child obesity the three school years to 2024/25; A&E the 12 months to September 2026; the GP Patient Survey early 2026; CQC ratings were published on different dates, shown in each row.
- Distances are straight lines. Miles are measured from the town’s centre to each site; the road is longer. For an emergency, call 999; for urgent advice, call NHS 111.
Questions about health in Liverpool
How healthy is Liverpool?
Liverpool earns a D− for health, healthier than 4% of UK towns on measures adjusted for age. Life expectancy is 75.7 for men and 79.6 for women (England 79.1 and 83.0), and there are 148 deaths under 75 for every 100 expected.
Which parts of Liverpool have the highest life expectancy?
For men, Calderstones (84.4), Mossley Hill East (83.4) and Gateacre (82.8); the shortest is Fairfield West & Newsham Park (69.6). For women, Mossley Hill East is highest (87.3) and Walton South lowest (75.0). OHID figures for 2019 to 2023, by neighbourhood of about 8,000 people.
How long are A&E waits at New Royal Liverpool University?
NHS England publishes waits for the trust, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. In the 12 months to September 2026 it saw 51% of major-A&E patients within four hours, against 61% across England; in September 2026 the figure was 48%. In an emergency call 999; for urgent advice call NHS 111.
Can I get an NHS dentist in Liverpool?
In the 2026 GP Patient Survey, 81% of adults in the Cheshire and Merseyside area who tried to get an NHS dental appointment in the last two years got one, against 82% across England. Practices taking new NHS patients are listed on the NHS website’s Find a dentist service.
Which GP practice in Liverpool do patients rate highest?
In the 2026 GP Patient Survey, Calvary Health Centre (96% good overall), Moss Way Surgery (95% good overall) and Dr Onn Syed (93% good overall). Across all 89 Liverpool practices, 77% of patients rate their practice good, against 77% in England.
What is the life expectancy in Liverpool?
75.7 years for men and 79.6 for women, on OHID’s figures for 2019 to 2023. Men can expect 58.9 of those years and women 60.3 in good health.
CQC ratings © Care Quality Commission.
Sources: OHID Fingertips small-area indicators (life expectancy and deaths 2019–23, emergency admissions 2016/17–2020/21, NCMP 2022/23–2024/25); House of Commons Library MSOA names · ONS health state life expectancy for small areas (MSOAs), England and Wales, 2019 to 2023 (healthy life expectancy) · ONS Census 2021 general health and disability, adjusted for age · Care Quality Commission care directory and latest ratings, 01 October 2026 · NHS Organisation Data Service · GP Patient Survey 2026 (NHS England, run by Ipsos) · NHS England, A&E Attendances and Emergency Admissions (monthly, by trust) and Emergency Care Data Set activity by site, June–September 2026 (type 1 A&Es) · MHCLG English Indices of Deprivation 2025 · TownRatings grades: our own summary of the data, ranked against UK towns only. All under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Contains HM Land Registry data © Crown copyright and database right 2026. Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right 2026 (ONS boundaries). Northern Ireland: Source: NISRA; contains Land & Property Services data and Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland information, © Crown copyright, licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Scotland: contains National Records of Scotland data, Registers of Scotland data and SEPA data, © Crown copyright / © SEPA 2025, licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.