Guest, Sign inJoin
View over Bond Street to Bristol city centrePhoto: Robin Stott · CC BY-SA 2.0
CHazard risk Grade
Flood & hazards in Bristol · Environment Agency

In Bristol, heavy rain puts more homes at risk than rivers or the sea: 15%, against 1.3%

On the Environment Agency’s maps, which allow for flood defences, “high or medium” means at least a 1 in 100 chance of flooding from rivers or the sea in any year. Bristol’s Hazard risk Grade is C.

In brief

What stands out about Bristol’s hazards

From the Environment Agency’s maps and records and the BGS radon atlas, below.

By hazard

What Bristol faces

Each hazard against its own yardstick; meters run from low to high on that yardstick.

Not on this page: coastal erosion, subsidence and shrink-swell ground (the British Geological Survey licenses it), groundwater flooding and reservoir failure.
Hazard risk Grade

Bristol grades C for hazard risk

Flood risk from rivers and the sea, against all UK towns.

Homes at high or medium flood risk (1.3%)Fewer than 28% of UK towns

The share of homes at high or medium risk from rivers and the sea, ranked against every UK town of 1,000 or more: fewer homes at risk is better. Towns with none at high or medium risk are ordered by their share at low risk, so they don’t all share one score. Surface water and radon aren’t graded: they are described below.

Flood map

Where the water goes in Bristol

Turn layers on and off. Blue is the risk from rivers and the sea; pink is where heavy rain collects. Both allow for flood defences.

Recorded flood: 1703Recorded flood: 1720Recorded flood: 1794Recorded flood: 1800Recorded flood: 1809Recorded flood: 1875Recorded flood: 1882Recorded flood: 1889Recorded flood: 1891Recorded flood: 1894Recorded flood: 1896Recorded flood: 1899Recorded flood: 1926Recorded flood: 1935Recorded flood: 1936Recorded flood: 1937Recorded flood: 1954Recorded flood: 1958Recorded flood: 1960Recorded flood: 1965Recorded flood: 1968Recorded flood: 1971Recorded flood: 1974Recorded flood: 1980Recorded flood: 1981Recorded flood: 1982Recorded flood: 1990Recorded flood: 1999Recorded flood: 2009Recorded flood: 2014Recorded flood: 2022© OpenStreetMap contributors · EA NaFRA2
HighMediumLowrivers & seaHighMediumLowsurface waterBristol’s built-up area

The river and sea risk follows the Bristol Frome, the Brislington Brook and the Bristol River Avon. Surface-water risk is spread across the city, in dips, underpasses and along small streams, which is why more homes are exposed to it.

Rivers and the sea

1.3% of Bristol’s homes are at high or medium risk from rivers or the sea

The Environment Agency’s national map, allowing for defences. A further 3.6% are at low risk.

High risk0.5%of homes · 1 in 30 a year or more1,014 homes, EA count
Medium risk0.7%of homes · 1 in 30 to 1 in 1001,507 homes, EA count
Low risk3.6%of homes · 1 in 100 to 1 in 1,0009,700 homes, EA count
Where Bristol sits among 3,735 UK towns
35%None
23%Under 0.5%
9%0.5–1%
11%1–2%Bristol
11%2–5%
5%5–10%
3%10–20%
2%20% +

Share of each UK town’s homes at high or medium risk from rivers and the sea. 35% of UK towns have none; Bristol has more than 72% of towns.

Towns its size: 15th of 24 from the fewest homes at risk
#TownPeopleHigh or med.
1Southwark London307,0760%
2Newham London351,065under 0.1%
3Coventry West Midlands344,2890.3%
…
13Enfield London329,8221.3%
14Hillingdon London307,0891.3%
15Bristol Bristol425,1961.3%
16Redbridge London309,5091.4%
17Brent London340,6111.5%
…
23Lewisham London300,7643.6%
24Nottingham Nottinghamshire299,7863.6%

UK towns of 298,000 to 595,000 people.

The Environment Agency’s Risk of Flooding from Rivers and Sea (NaFRA2, June 2026) counts each postcode’s homes by band; the shares weight those postcodes by Census 2021 households. The EA counts include homes built since 2021.

Surface water

Heavy rain puts about 11.4 times as many Bristol homes at risk as rivers and the sea do

Surface water is rain that falls faster than drains and the ground can take it. It is mapped separately from rivers and the sea, and it is not in the Hazard risk Grade.

Surface water15%
Rivers and the sea1.3%
0%14%28% of homes

About 8.8% of homes are at high risk of surface-water flooding (a 1 in 30 chance or more each year) and 5.8% at medium risk: roughly 25,390 households. A further 12% face a low risk from surface water. That is more than 97% of UK towns.

~25,390
households at high or medium risk
12%
of homes at low risk
97%
of UK towns have a smaller share
229,172
addresses read on the map

Our estimate: every address in the city (ONS NSUL) read on the Environment Agency’s Risk of Flooding from Surface Water map (NaFRA2, 2025), each postcode’s share weighted by its Census 2021 households. Neither agency publishes a count of homes for surface water, so treat it as a guide; one street can differ from the next.

Flood history

Bristol has flooded in 31 recorded years since 1703, most of all in 1896

Every flood the Environment Agency has mapped inside Bristol’s built-up area, newest first. The record is fullest for big river floods; small and surface-water floods are often missing.

  1. 2022October 2022: River flooding recordedUnder 1 hectare inside today’s built-up area · This represents flooding in the area in
  2. 2014January and February 2014: The sea came inUnder 1 hectare inside today’s built-up area
  3. 2009February 2009: River flooding recorded5 hectares inside today’s built-up area · North Wessex
  4. 1999December 1999: The sea came in6 hectares inside today’s built-up area
  5. 1990February 1990: The sea came in1 hectare inside today’s built-up area
  6. 1982June 1982: River flooding recorded15 hectares inside today’s built-up area
Show all 31
  1. 1981December 1981: The sea came in1 hectare inside today’s built-up area
  2. 1980July 1980: River flooding recorded8 hectares inside today’s built-up area
  3. 1974February and June 1974: River flooding recorded26 hectares inside today’s built-up area
  4. 1971June 1971: River flooding recorded12 hectares inside today’s built-up area
  5. 1968July 1968: River flooding recorded104 hectares inside today’s built-up area
  6. 1965December 1965: River flooding recorded37 hectares inside today’s built-up area
  7. 1960December 1960: River flooding recorded59 hectares inside today’s built-up area
  8. 1958January 1958: River flooding recorded8 hectares inside today’s built-up area
  9. 1954June 1954: River flooding recorded14 hectares inside today’s built-up area
  10. 1937July 1937: River flooding recorded10 hectares inside today’s built-up area
  11. 1936June 1936: River flooding recorded14 hectares inside today’s built-up area
  12. 1935March 1935: River flooding recorded9 hectares inside today’s built-up area
  13. 1926May 1926: River flooding recorded2 hectares inside today’s built-up area
  14. 1899February 1899: The sea came in72 hectares inside today’s built-up area
  15. 1896October 1896: The sea came in267 hectares inside today’s built-up area
  16. 1894July 1894: River flooding recordedUnder 1 hectare inside today’s built-up area
  17. 1891October 1891: River flooding recorded1 hectare inside today’s built-up area
  18. 1889March 1889: River flooding recorded87 hectares inside today’s built-up area
  19. 1882October 1882: River flooding recorded45 hectares inside today’s built-up area
  20. 1875November 1875: River flooding recorded22 hectares inside today’s built-up area
  21. 1809January 1809: The sea came in4 hectares inside today’s built-up area
  22. 1800November 1800: River flooding recorded3 hectares inside today’s built-up area
  23. 1794October 1794: River flooding recorded1 hectare inside today’s built-up area
  24. 1720April 1720: River flooding recorded1 hectare inside today’s built-up area
  25. 1703November 1703: The sea came in204 hectares inside today’s built-up area
The worst: 1896267 ha

Floodwater covered 267 hectares of what is now Bristol in 1896, the largest flood the record holds here (October).

11,151 of Bristol’s households today live inside the outline of a recorded flood.

Since 1896, the largest recorded flood inside the city covered 104 hectares.

River levels

The Brislington Brook in October 2024 rose to its 2nd-highest level since 2005

The highest level each winter (October to September) at the Environment Agency’s Brislington gauge (Brislington), since 2005. The river normally runs between 0.03 m and 0.80 m here.

Highest level each winter, metres
Winter 2005–06: highest 1.37 m on 6 July 2006 · 4 days above the normal rangeWinter 2006–07: highest 1.04 m on 26 July 2007 · 1 days above the normal rangeWinter 2007–08: highest 0.85 m · 1 days above the normal rangeWinter 2008–09: highest 0.99 m on 6 July 2009 · 1 days above the normal rangeWinter 2009–10: highest 0.86 m · 2 days above the normal rangeWinter 2010–11: highest 0.90 m · 1 days above the normal rangeWinter 2011–12: highest 0.91 m · 1 days above the normal rangeWinter 2012–13: highest 1.05 m on 21 November 2012 · 6 days above the normal rangeWinter 2013–14: highest 0.96 m on 23 December 2013 · 3 days above the normal rangeWinter 2014–15: highest 0.83 m · 1 days above the normal rangeWinter 2015–16: highest 0.76 m · 0 days above the normal rangeWinter 2016–17: highest 0.97 m on 21 November 2016 · 1 days above the normal rangeWinter 2017–18: highest 0.92 m · 1 days above the normal rangeWinter 2018–19: highest 0.91 m · 3 days above the normal rangeWinter 2019–20: highest 0.81 m · 1 days above the normal rangeWinter 2020–21: highest 0.94 m · 5 days above the normal rangeWinter 2021–22: highest 0.89 m · 3 days above the normal rangeWinter 2022–23: highest 0.90 m · 2 days above the normal rangeWinter 2023–24: highest 0.94 m · 3 days above the normal rangeWinter 2024–25: highest 1.11 m on 8 October 2024 · 4 days above the normal rangeWinter 2025–26: highest 0.82 m · 1 days above the normal range’05–06’24–25’12–13Record 1.37 m, 2006Top of normal range
2005–062025–26
The highest days on record
  • 6 July 20061.37 m
  • 8 October 20241.11 m
  • 21 November 20121.05 m
  • 26 July 20071.04 m
  • 18 August 20061.01 m
  • 6 July 20090.99 m

The Brislington Brook has topped its normal range on 45 days since 2005, most in the winters of 2012–13 and 2020–21. By its highest day, the winter of 2025–26 was the 19th-highest of the 21.

Environment Agency Hydrology API, Brislington (station 53138), daily maximum level; the record and normal range from the EA’s stage scale. Live river levels are on GOV.UK’s Check for flooding.

Flood warnings

No flood warning or alert is in force for Bristol · 47 warnings in 20 years

The Environment Agency has 17 flood warning areas and 4 alert areas reaching into the city; warnings since the service began in 2006.

Now: no flood warnings or alerts for Bristol (checked 5 November 2026, 16:53). Check for flooding on GOV.UK →
Warnings and alerts each year for areas in Bristol
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Flood warning (flooding expected)Flood alert (flooding possible)

The warning area covering the most of Bristol, Bristol Floating Harbour and the River Avon at Bristol, riverside properties, has not had a flood warning since 2006. Of the 47 warnings, 33 were for Tidal River Avon at Pill and Shirehampton, Watch House Road and Station Road areas and 6 for Bristol Avon (lower) from Twerton to Bristol.

2020 had the most warnings (9); 2014 the most alerts (65). The most recent warning was on 27 January 2025.

Show the 21 warning and alert areas
AreaKindSince 2006Now
Tidal River Avon at Pill and Shirehampton, Watch House Road and Station Road areasWarning area33None
Bristol Avon (lower) from Twerton to BristolWarning area6None
Bristol Frome from Stapleton to Bristol Floating Harbour, riverside propertiesWarning area2None
Brislington Brook, riverside propertiesWarning area2None
Tidal River Avon at Pill and Shirehampton, Nibley Road and Wellington Mews areasWarning area2None
Tidal River Avon from Sea Mills to ConhamWarning area2None
Bristol Frome from Stapleton to Bristol Floating Harbour, other properties set back from the riverWarning area0None
Brislington Brook, other properties set back from the riverWarning area0None
Tidal River Avon at Pill and ShirehamptonWarning area0None
Severn Estuary at AvonmouthWarning area0None
Bristol Floating Harbour and the River Avon at Bristol, other properties set back from the riverWarning area0None
Bristol Floating Harbour and the River Avon at Bristol, riverside propertiesWarning area0None
Bristol Frome from Stapleton to Bristol Floating Harbour, low lying property set back from the riverWarning area0None
Brislington Brook, low lying properties set back from the riverWarning area0None
Bristol Floating Harbour and the River Avon at Bristol, properties furthest from the riverWarning area0None
Bristol Floating Harbour and the River Avon at Bristol, low lying properties set back from the riverWarning area0None
Colliters Brook at Ashton ValeWarning area0None
Tidal River Avon at Bristol, Pill and ShirehamptonAlert area264None
Severn Estuary at Oldbury-on-Severn, Northwick and AvonmouthAlert area76None
Lower Bristol Avon areaAlert area56None
Bristol Frome catchmentAlert area48None

Environment Agency Historic Flood Warnings (first issues only, not updates; “flood watch” counted as an alert before 2011) and the real-time flood-monitoring API. Sign up for free warnings on GOV.UK or call Floodline, 0345 988 1188.

Radon

Parts of Bristol are in radon Affected Areas, up to the Over 30% band

Radon is a natural radioactive gas from the ground; long exposure raises the risk of lung cancer. The atlas gives the chance that a home in each 1 km square is above the UK action level (200 Bq/m³).

ST5276: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5277: 10–30% of homes above the action levelST5376: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5377: 10–30% of homes above the action levelST5378: 1–3% of homes above the action levelST5475: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5476: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5477: 10–30% of homes above the action levelST5478: 3–5% of homes above the action levelST5479: 1–3% of homes above the action levelST5567: Over 30% of homes above the action levelST5570: 1–3% of homes above the action levelST5571: 10–30% of homes above the action levelST5574: 10–30% of homes above the action levelST5575: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5576: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5577: 10–30% of homes above the action levelST5578: 10–30% of homes above the action levelST5579: 1–3% of homes above the action levelST5666: Over 30% of homes above the action levelST5667: Over 30% of homes above the action levelST5668: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5669: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5670: 3–5% of homes above the action levelST5671: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5672: 10–30% of homes above the action levelST5673: 10–30% of homes above the action levelST5674: 10–30% of homes above the action levelST5675: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5676: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5677: 3–5% of homes above the action levelST5678: 3–5% of homes above the action levelST5679: 3–5% of homes above the action levelST5680: 1–3% of homes above the action levelST5767: Over 30% of homes above the action levelST5768: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5769: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5770: 3–5% of homes above the action levelST5771: 1–3% of homes above the action levelST5772: 10–30% of homes above the action levelST5773: 10–30% of homes above the action levelST5774: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5775: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5776: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5777: 3–5% of homes above the action levelST5778: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5779: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5866: Over 30% of homes above the action levelST5867: Under 1% of homes above the action levelST5868: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5869: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5870: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5871: 3–5% of homes above the action levelST5872: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5873: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5874: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5875: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5876: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5877: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5878: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5879: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5880: 1–3% of homes above the action levelST5967: Under 1% of homes above the action levelST5968: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5969: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5970: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5971: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5972: 1–3% of homes above the action levelST5973: Under 1% of homes above the action levelST5974: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5975: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5976: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5977: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST5978: 3–5% of homes above the action levelST5979: 3–5% of homes above the action levelST6066: Over 30% of homes above the action levelST6067: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST6068: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST6069: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST6070: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST6071: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST6072: Under 1% of homes above the action levelST6073: Under 1% of homes above the action levelST6074: Under 1% of homes above the action levelST6075: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST6076: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST6077: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST6078: 3–5% of homes above the action levelST6167: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST6168: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST6169: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST6170: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST6171: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST6172: 10–30% of homes above the action levelST6173: 1–3% of homes above the action levelST6174: 1–3% of homes above the action levelST6175: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST6176: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST6177: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST6178: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST6267: 10–30% of homes above the action levelST6268: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST6269: 3–5% of homes above the action levelST6270: 5–10% of homes above the action levelST6271: 10–30% of homes above the action levelST6272: 10–30% of homes above the action levelST6273: 10–30% of homes above the action levelST6274: 1–3% of homes above the action levelST6275: 1–3% of homes above the action levelST6368: 10–30% of homes above the action levelST6370: 10–30% of homes above the action levelST6371: 10–30% of homes above the action levelST6372: 10–30% of homes above the action levelST6373: 1–3% of homes above the action levelST6473: 1–3% of homes above the action level© OpenStreetMap contributors · BGS/UKHSA
Under 1%1–3%3–5%5–10%10–30%Over 30%
Share of the city’s area in each band
Under 1% of homes8%
1–3% of homes7%
3–5% of homes10%
5–10% of homes60%
10–30% of homes14%
Over 30% of homes2%

92% of Bristol’s built-up area is in a radon Affected Area (1% of homes or more above the action level), and 76% in squares of 5% or more.

The squares are indicative: each takes the highest band found anywhere inside it, so most homes in a coloured square are below it. Only a three-month test in the home gives a real answer.

BGS/UKHSA Indicative Atlas of Radon in Great Britain, version 3. Check an address at UKradon.org.

Neighbours

Flood risk in the places around Bristol

Share of homes at high or medium and at low risk from rivers and the sea. Tap a town for its page.

ABCD
TownPeopleHigh or mediumLowHazard
Bristol425,1961.3%3.6%C
Filton10,9550%0%A
Long Ashton5,1840.3%0.2%B−
Kingswood and Fishponds160,2800.2%0.4%B−
Stoke Gifford13,4770.4%0.5%C+
Whitchurch1,9920%0%A
Pill4,9567.7%3.3%D
Patchway16,5170%0%A

Pill, 4.3 miles west, has the most homes at risk around Bristol (7.7% at high or medium). Filton, Whitchurch and Patchway have none.

Be ready

Get ready for what Bristol faces

Free warnings, what to do in a cloudburst, and what to check before you move.

Get the warnings
  • Sign up free for Environment Agency flood warnings by text, call or email.
  • Floodline: 0345 988 1188, 24 hours.
  • Bristol’s warning areas include Bristol Floating Harbour and the River Avon at Bristol, riverside properties and Tidal River Avon from Sea Mills to Conham.
Sign up ↗
In a cloudburst
  • Surface water rises in minutes, often with no warning issued: stay out of underpasses and dips.
  • Keep the gullies and drains outside your home clear of leaves.
  • Report a blocked road drain to the council.
Radon
  • Test over three months, in a living room and a bedroom.
  • Above 200 Bq/m³, a small sump and fan usually fixes it.
  • New homes in radon areas are built with protection: basic from 3%, full from 10%.
UKradon ↗
Before you buy or rent in Bristol
  • Check the address on GOV.UK’s long-term flood risk service: it gives rivers and sea and surface water separately.
  • Ask whether the home has flooded or had a flood insurance claim; the TA6 property form asks the seller.
  • Homes built before 2009 can get flood cover through Flood Re, the government-backed scheme; newer homes can’t.
  • Check radon for the address on UKradon.org (a small fee) or ask the seller for a test result.
How to read these numbers

What this data can and can’t tell you

  • Defences are counted. Both agencies’ maps allow for flood defences and the chance they are overtopped or fail, so a town behind a defence scheme can show few homes at high risk and many at low risk.
  • Surface water is our estimate. Neither agency publishes a count of homes at risk from surface water, so we read each address on the map. A flat on a hill and a basement in a dip can share a postcode.
  • Past floods are what was recorded. The flood outlines come from surveys, aerial photographs and reports; many small floods, and most surface-water floods, were never mapped.
  • One town, many streets. Risk is street by street. Check a specific address on GOV.UK’s long-term flood risk service before you buy or rent.

Check the long-term flood risk for an address on GOV.UK →

Questions about flooding and hazards in Bristol

Does Bristol flood?

The last flood the Environment Agency recorded inside the city was in October 2022. 1.3% of homes are at high or medium risk from rivers and the sea on the Environment Agency’s maps, which allow for flood defences. About 15% of homes are at high or medium risk from surface water, when heavy rain overwhelms the drains. Bristol grades C for hazard risk against UK towns.

Which parts of Bristol are at risk of flooding?

From rivers and the sea, the places the Environment Agency warns directly: Tidal River Avon at Pill and Shirehampton, Watch House Road and Station Road areas, Bristol Avon (lower) from Twerton to Bristol, Tidal River Avon from Sea Mills to Conham and Bristol Frome from Stapleton to Bristol Floating Harbour, riverside properties. Surface water can collect in low spots anywhere in the city. Check a specific address on GOV.UK’s long-term flood risk service.

When did Bristol last flood?

The recorded flood outlines inside the city run from 1703 to 2022 (31 years); the largest was in 1896. Flood warnings have been issued for parts of the city since 2006, most recently on 27 January 2025.

Is Bristol at risk of surface water flooding?

About 8.8% of homes are at high risk and 5.8% at medium risk from surface water, against 1.3% at high or medium risk from rivers and the sea. Surface water floods come with little warning, and the agencies don’t issue warnings for them.

Is radon a problem in Bristol?

92% of the city’s built-up area is in a radon Affected Area on the BGS/UKHSA atlas, and 76% is in 1 km squares where 5% or more of homes may be above the action level. Most homes are below it; a three-month test is the only way to know.

Are there flood warnings in Bristol now?

No flood warning or alert was in force near Bristol at 5 November 2026, 16:53. Live warnings are on GOV.UK’s Check for flooding service and Floodline, 0345 988 1188.

Contains Environment Agency information © Environment Agency and/or database right 2026. Contains British Geological Survey materials © UKRI 2026.

Sources: Environment Agency Risk of Flooding from Rivers and Sea, postcodes in areas at risk (June 2026); Natural Resources Wales Flood Risk Assessment Wales (May 2026); ONS Census 2021 households by postcode · Environment Agency Risk of Flooding from Surface Water (NaFRA2, 2025) and Natural Resources Wales Flood Risk Assessment Wales surface water and small watercourses, read at every address (ONS National Statistics UPRN Lookup, September 2026) and weighted by Census 2021 households by postcode · Environment Agency Recorded Flood Outlines and Natural Resources Wales historic flood map, inside the ONS 2022 built-up-area boundary · Environment Agency Hydrology API (daily maximum river level) and flood-monitoring stage scales · Environment Agency real-time flood-monitoring API · Environment Agency Historic Flood Warnings (January 2006 to June 2026) and flood warning and alert areas · BGS/UKHSA Indicative Atlas of Radon in Great Britain, version 3, by 1 km square · TownRatings grades: our own summary of the data, ranked against UK towns only. All under the Open Government Licence v3.0.

Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Contains HM Land Registry data © Crown copyright and database right 2026. Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right 2026 (ONS boundaries). Northern Ireland: Source: NISRA; contains Land & Property Services data and Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland information, © Crown copyright, licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Scotland: contains National Records of Scotland data, Registers of Scotland data and SEPA data, © Crown copyright / © SEPA 2025, licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.